Geographic Information System (GIS) is a digital tool used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial or geographic data. It is widely used in various fields such as urban planning, environmental monitoring and management, natural resource exploration, and public health. 

Remote sensing is a technique used in geography and other fields to gather data about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere from a distance. It involves the use of sensors, such as satellites and aircraft, to collect information that can be used to analyze and monitor environmental changes, natural resources, and land use patterns. 

R programming is a coding language used for statistical computing and graphics. Researchers, data analysts, and programmers frequently use it for data analysis, visualization, and manipulation.